References

Beauchesne, David, Rémi M. Daigle, Steve Vissault, Dominique Gravel, Andréanne Bastien, Simon Bélanger, Pascal Bernatchez, et al. 2018. “Regional Assessment of Cumulative Impacts in the St. Lawrence System.” Rimouski.

———. 2020. “Characterizing Exposure to and Sharing Knowledge of Drivers of Environmental Change in the St. Lawrence System, Canada.” Under Review in Frontiers in Marine Science.

DFO. 2020. “Science Advice for Pathways of Effects for Marine Shipping in Canada: Biological and Ecological Effects.”

Halpern, Benjamin S., Melanie Frazier, Jamie Afflerbach, Julia S. Lowndes, Fiorenza Micheli, Casey O’Hara, Courtney Scarborough, and Kimberly A. Selkoe. 2019. “Recent Pace of Change in Human Impact on the World’s Ocean.” Scientific Reports 9 (1): 11609. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-47201-9.

Halpern, Benjamin S., Melanie Frazier, John Potapenko, Kenneth S. Casey, Kellee Koenig, Catherine Longo, Julia Stewart Lowndes, et al. 2015. “Spatial and Temporal Changes in Cumulative Human Impacts on the World’s Ocean.” Nature Communications 6 (1). https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms8615.

Halpern, Benjamin S., Shaun Walbridge, Kimberly A. Selkoe, Carrie V. Kappel, Fiorenza Micheli, Caterina D’Agrosa, John F. Bruno, et al. 2008. “A Global Map of Human Impact on Marine Ecosystems.” Science 319 (5865): 948–52. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1149345.

Hegmann, G., C. Cocklin, R. Creasey, S. Dupuis, A. Kennedy, L. Kingsley, W. Ross, H. Spaling, and D. Stalker. 1999. Cumulative Effects Assessment Practitioner’s Guide. Prepared by AXYS Environmental Consulting Ltd. And the CEA Working Group for the Canadian Environmental Assessment Agency, Hull, Quebec.

Lerner, Jackie. 2018. “Examen Des Concepts et Des Cadres Internationaux de Gestion Des Effets Cumulatifs. Préparé Pour Transports Canada Dans Le Cadre Du Contrat T8080-170062.” UBC Institute for Resources, Environment, and Sustainability Aquatic Ecosystems Research Laboratory.

Pickard, D., P. de la Cueva Bueno, E. Olson, and C. Semmens. 2019. “Examen Des Méthodes d’évaluation Des Effets Cumulatifs Du Transport Maritime. Rapport Préparé Par ESSA Technologies Ltd. Pour Transports Canada.”

Teck, Sarah J., Benjamin S. Halpern, Carrie V. Kappel, Fiorenza Micheli, Kimberly A. Selkoe, Caitlin M. Crain, Rebecca Martone, et al. 2010. “Using Expert Judgment to Estimate Marine Ecosystem Vulnerability in the California Current.” Ecological Applications: A Publication of the Ecological Society of America 20 (5): 1402–16. https://doi.org/10.1890/09-1173.1.